Анализ употребления сокращений и сленгизмов в периодических изданиях - Единицы разных языковых уровней австралийского варианта английского языка в сопоставительном аспекте

Употребление сленгизмов и сокращений в СМИ включает в себя несколько задач: привлечение внимания читателя, экономия места и времени, придание эмоциональной окраски тексту и т. д.

С целью выявления частоты употребления сленгизмов были проанализированы статьи из таких изданий, как "The Economist", "The Telegraph", "The Age", "Honey", а также словари "Oxford Dictionary", "Australian Urban Dictionary", "Aussie Slang Ditionary", "Australian English Glossary".

Можно выделить несколько функций употребления сленга:

    -придание юмористического эффекта -экономия места -придание языку простоту и лаконичность -привлечение внимание массовой аудитории 1. Labour relations in Australian football

Unlike American sports leagues, in which billionaire owners and their stables of multimillionaire players spar over the division of revenues, the AFL has no private owners and very few millionaires.

The clubs in turn select the AFL board to promote their interests, including negotiating broadcasting revenue and regulating salary caps. The revenues are shared unevenly to give struggling clubs a helping hand.

This management structure is a product of a culture with egalitarian attitudes towards work and wealth and religious devotion to its "footy" clubs. It has proven very effective both at promoting the sport and at reining in the salary aspirations of elite players. [ The Economist, November 11th, 2011]

Иронично называя австралийские футбольные клубы "footy", автор статьи пытается подчеркнуть разницу между австралийской и американской футбольной лигой, с юмористическим эффектом указывая на плачевную организацию футбольной системы в Австралии.

В британском варианте слово "footy" не теряет своего прямого значения и, увидев его в тексте, читатель понимает, что речь в данной статье будет идти о футболе, либо о чем-то, что имеет к нему непосредственное отношение.

Cameron the faux footy fan; Thank God for health and safety; and Why I am always right

It's strangely endearing, the lengths David Cameron goes to in his efforts to persuade voters that he loves football. Whenever he gives a speech, he invariably begins with a jocular remark about the travails of "my football team, Aston Villa".

It's always interesting to hear the Prime Minister voice his passion for the game, because that passion wasn't always so strong. In October 2001, five months after he was first elected as MP for Witney, a young Mr Cameron said the following during a Commons debate about disorderly behaviour at football matches. "Many of those who have spoken in this debate are either lawyers or football fans," he told the House. "I have to confess that I am neither." [ The Telegraph, May 22d, 2017]

Данная статья посвящена предвыборной кампании Дэвида Кэмерона в Великобритании и мерам, проводимым им с целью избрания его кандидатуры на выборах.

В данном случае использование сленгизма в заглавии несет в себе такие функции, как привлечение внимания читателя и придание языку лаконичности и простоты, так как все выступления политика были проведены на заводах или фабриках и обращены к простым людям, для завоевания их поддержки и внимания. Поэтому в данном случае слово еще раз подчеркивает разницу между значением футбола в жизни простых рабочих и политика.

2. Hamish and Andy exclusive: 'I thought he was a bit of a sleaze bag'.

Year.

He's a Gold Logie winner. The other one, a former Cleo Bachelor of the

But as Hamish Blake and Andy Lee get set to celebrate 15 years together in radio and TV this year, it's their other halves are revealing the true side of Australia's reigning kings of comedy.

In rare interviews as couples on 60 Minutes this Sunday, Zoe Foster-Blake and Rebecca Harding share their true feelings about the men in their lives.

"He hadn't had a girlfriend in a while, he was Cleo Bachelor of the Year, I thought he was a bit of a sleazebag maybe," Andy's girlfriend of almost three - years, Rebecca Harding, 26, admitted [Honey, May 25th, 2017].

Выражение sleazebag переводится как "ненадежный человек, обычно Мужчина, особенно в отношениях противоположным полом". В данной статье его употребляет бывшая возлюбленная, на настоящий момент - жена героя, выражающая недоверие к нему при первой встрече.

Donald Trump brands Christopher Steele a 'failed spy' who conspired with 'sleazebag political operatives'

President elect Donald Trump has lashed out at the former MI6 operative who prepared a dossier claiming Russia had explosive intelligence on him as a "failed spy" as Theresa May distanced the British government from the former agent.

Mr Trump said Chris Steele, who spent two decades with the secret service, collaborated with his political rivals to concoct "phony allegations". He dismissed the alleged conspirators as "sleazebag political operatives", nothing that Russia has denied collecting compromising information about him.

Mr Steele's status as a former UK spy threatened to cause a diplomatic row, with the Russian embassy in London suggesting he was still working on behalf of the British government to damage both Mr Trump and the Kremlin [The Telegraph, January 13th, 2017].

В данной статье лексема 'sleazebag' используется в политической сфере по отношению к лицам, замешанным, по мнению политика, в шпионаже. Речь идет о лицах, собиравших информацию против двух стран одновременно, а само слово употребляется в значении "коррупционный, нечестный". В данном случае коннотация сохраняет отрицательную окраску.

3. Artist squats in Paris. Cleaning up

Converting squats into legitimate artistic centres cleans up the city while retaining its creative hubs

Behind the Louvre, on a busy thoroughfare lined with international retailers, sits 59 Rivoli, a former squat that has been converted into a legitimate artistic centre. Once a branch of Crйdit Lyonnais 59 rue de Rivoli had been abandoned for 15 years before squatters took it over in 1999 and began using it for exhibitions and performances. Pressure grew on the city to evict them. But when a ministry of culture study found that it drew some 40,000 visitors per year, the city decided to take over the building and legalise it, rather than quashing its creativity [The Economist, May 9th, 2003].

В данной статье речь идет о преобразовании ранее заброшенных зданий в центре Парижа в художественные центры. Лексема squat реализует значение "unlawfully occupy an uninhabited building or settle on a piece of land"(Australian Urban Dictionary).

How to get fit for the slopes: jump squats

It's the time of year when skiers and snowboarders turn attention to getting fit for the slopes ahead of a winter trip to the mountains. Getting your body prepared will not only help you ski or snowboard better, but will make the whole experience a lot more enjoyable - no more endless aching or stocking up on muscle relief lotions like it's going out of fashion.

Personal trainer Matt Roberts has put together a series of exercises that are easy to do at home to help you get fitter and stronger for the slopes.

Next up in his series of videos is jump squats with a hold. This exercise works quad muscles and glutes, helping to build strength in these vital areas before a day spent clocking up the miles on the pistes. Jump to it and build this quick exercise into a daily routine [The Telegraph, December 21d, 2016].

В британском варианте можно наблюдать некоторые различия в употреблении. Лексема squats используется в спортивной сфере в значении "a deep knee exercise performed by competitive strength athletes" (Oxford Dictionary). В данном контексте автор рассказывает о серии упражнений, способствующих укреплению мышц спортсмена, а также улучшающих его здоровье и выносливость.

4. Rupert Murdoch warns Australians not to become 'bludgers'

Rupert Murdoch, the billionaire media magnate who earned the ire of most Australians by renouncing his citizenship to become an American, has further angered his former countrymen by telling them they risk becoming a nation of lazy and complacent losers.

By Bonnie Malkin in Sydney

Speaking during a visit to Sydney, Mr Murdoch cautioned Australians against becoming 'bludgers' - a term used to describe the work-shy, welfare - dependent or the type of person - reviled in Australia - that dodges paying for their round of drinks at the pub.

Mr Murdoch, whose company News International owns one of only two national newspapers in Australia and several other tabloids, was using the phrase in the context of the global economy.

He warned any complacency would spell disaster for Australia's future, arguing that the growth of the welfare for the middle classes over the past 20 years had rewarded laziness.

"The bludger should not be our national icon. Being pro - market, pro - business and pro-globalisation means working for a society where citizens are not dependent on the Government. That means ending subsidies for people who do well," he said.

His comments provoked some bitter responses from Australians [The Telegraph, November 4, 2008].

В данной статье автор акцентирует внимание читателя на общих тенденциях, происходящих в обществе. Емкое и экспрессивное заглавие сразу притягивает взгляд читателя, заставляя задуматься над появившейся проблемой.

Ray Hadley berates Scott Morrison over 'bludger and leaner' politicians

Treasurer Scott Morrison and broadcaster Ray Hadley have unloaded on each other over the performance of politicians, with the outspoken radio host alleging federal politics is populated by "bludgers and leaners".

In a heated interview, the Treasurer said the 2GB broadcaster was hurling misleading slurs and taking cheap shots, insisting the 27 sitting days of Parliament left in 2016 was not a sufficient indicator of all the work MPs do.

"You're assuming that nothing happens between sitting weeks and I know you don't think that. I know you know that between sitting weeks a lot happens," Mr Morrison said.

"In particular the sort of discussions that are necessary to secure the passage of bills through the Parliament. I mean the Parliament will vote but the work doesn't stop."

Hadley said the Treasurer was "defending the indefensible".

"You might work every single day but I'm sure the bludgers and leaners inside the federal Parliament who are delighted to go home every Thursday, have a long weekend, then come back on Sunday night or Monday morning."[The Age, August 30, 2016].

Автор данной статьи рассказывает о дискуссии политика Т. Скотта и телеведущего Р. Хадли. Телеведущий резко критикует деятельность не только отдельного политика, но и деятельность парламента в целом, ссылаясь на то, что члены парламента не компетентны, а их деятельность не носит продуктивный характер. В отношении депутатов телеведущий использует слово "bludgers". Заявленный в названии и повторяющийся на протяжении всей статьи, термин сразу же делает акцент на эмоциональном заряде статьи, подготавливая читателя к полемике и дискуссии говорящих.

5. Stop the whingeing, 'pom' is not racist

It is chanted by taunting Australians at cricket matches and hurled with bile at visiting British backpackers, but the word "pom" has been deemed perfectly acceptable by Australia's largest state.

Western Australia has passed legislation that allows racially charged terms such as pom, wog and ding to be used without fear of prosecution.

The word wog, while deeply offensive in Britain, in Australia refers to people of Mediterranean descent and is bandied around without embarrassment - as in the television comedy Wogs Out of Work. A ding is someone of Italian heritage.

Western Australia's attorney general, Jim McGinty, said that while the state would punish violent race crimes, it would be wrong to outlaw "light-hearted" references to a person's ethnic background.

But the new law has infuriated some British-born Australians. "The word pom should be banned in the public forum," said David Thomason, the founder of the group British People Against Racial Discrimination [The Telegraph, October 22nd, 2004].

В данной статье поднимается вопрос этнической дискриминации, а также политкорректности и уважения по отношению к британцам. Исторически имея отрицательную эмоциональную окраску и сохраняя ее до настоящего времени, данная лексема является оскорбительной употребленная по отношению к жителю Англии.

New Book Poms Down Under on Post-War British Settlers

Almost seventy years ago, World War II ended. Europe was in chaos and ruin. Whilst some sought to rebuild their ravaged lives, others looked at starting anew. The Australian Minister for Immigration uttered these famous words, resulting in millions making the move to Australia, " Australia wants, and will welcome, new healthy citizens who are determined to become good Australians."[Southern Cross October 26th, 2014].

Книга Дж. Уотерхауса "Emigrating to Australia" повествует об эмиграции британцев в Австралию. Четко и емко использованное сокращение в заголовке сразу же привлекает внимание читателя, намекая на трудности и невзгоды, с которыми пришлось столкнуться переселенцам.

6. Australian rockers Radio Birdman's European tour dates announced

The musical establishment reacted predictably. There were many doors slammed shut, engagements cancelled after the first song, often with the threat of actual physical violence as club bouncers were let loose on the band itself. The band had to resort to putting on its own shows in small community halls and the like. Later, they found an upstairs room in a pub located in Sydney's inner city suburb of Darlinghurst that allowed them to perform without restrictions. This was the Oxford Tavern. Later the band took over its management, renaming it the Oxford Funhouse, and made it available for other like minded groups who followed.[Southern Cross April 19th, 2016]

В данном контексте лексема 'bounce' употребляется по отношению к начинающей музыкальной группе, потерпевшей неудачи в начале карьеры, но, благодаря своему стилю и индивидуальности, вскоре ставшей довольно известной.

Why a 'significantly undervalued' pound will bounce back this year

Sterling will climb back to levels not seen since the Brexit vote by the start of next year, according to analysts who believe the currency is "significantly undervalued".

Oxford Economics said the pound was undervalued "on a wide range of valuation metrics", while analysts at Barclays said on one measure sterling had only been cheaper against a basket of currencies during the depths of the financial crisis and the International Monetary Fund's UK bail-out in the 1970s [The Telegraph, April th, 2016].

В статье, посвященной британской экономике и колебаниям фунта, глагол 'to bounce' употребляется в сочетании с послелогом 'back' и реализует значение "прийти в норму", "обрести утерянные позиции".

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Анализ употребления сокращений и сленгизмов в периодических изданиях - Единицы разных языковых уровней австралийского варианта английского языка в сопоставительном аспекте

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